Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter vol 81 2007
Jammu and Kashmir state is a source of biological heritage and 90% of the maize area in the state is under the cultivation of local cultivars with distinct morphological differences for plant type, grain shape and grain colour. These cultivars have adoptability on account of early maturity and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The present investigation was undertaken to study the extent of variability and identify divergent lines for their future use in a breeding programme.
The experimental material was comprised of 50 local maize cultivars collected from maize growing areas of the Kashmir valley, and 4 high yielding maize composites (C8, C15, C6) and super-l were used as controls. 50 cob samples were collected from the villages of Khag, Yusmarg, Neilnag, Dalwash, Kralpathri (District of Budgam); Shopian, Balpora, Malanpora, Tral, Turkwangwam (District of Pulwama); Uri, Gurez, Bandipora, Pattan, Wagoora, Tangmarg, Farozpura (District of Baramula); Qazigund, Dooru, Verinag, Kulgam, Pombai, Pahalgam, Mattan, Kokernag (District of Anantnag); and Kangan Wangat, Satrain, Babanagri, Sonmarg, Dara (District of Srinagar). 25 sampled villages show preference for different grain colours such as orange yellow, yellow, creamish, white and purple. Progeny rows from each sampled cob were planted at K D Research Station. Each plot was 2 rows of 5m length. All recommended agronomic practices were followed to raise an ideal crop. Data on 5 competitive plants from each plot was recorded for maturity, morphological and yield related traits, e.g., days to 50% silking, days to 50% anthesis, days to husk browning, ear height (cm), ear length (cm) and grain yield (kg/ha). Data was subjected to analysis of variance, and coefficient of variability, heritability and genetic advance was estimated as per the methods of Johnson et al. (Agron. J. 47:314-318, 1955). Divergence analysis was computed following Mahalanobis (Proc. Natl. Inst. Sci. India 2:49-55, 1936). The individual contribution of characters towards the D2 for each cultivar was determined. Genotypes were grouped into clusters following Tocher�s method as described by Rao (Sankhya 19:201-408, 1958)
Genotype variance was highly significant for all characters (Table 1). Days to 50% silking ranged from 71 days (C15) to 87 days (Pul-Tral 26) with a population mean of 78 days, whereas days to 50% anthesis ranged from 69 days (Bar-Bandipora 33) to 85 (Sgr-Sonamarg 16). Pul-Malangpora 30 cultivar recorded the minimum days for husk browning (131 days), whereas the maximum number of days was recorded by Bar-Bandipora 33 (148 days). Population mean for this trait was recorded as 140 days. Most of the local cultivars were observed to be early compared to high yielding composites. Controls recorded a range of 136-143 days for husk browning. Irrespective of the origin, plant height ranged from 118.50 cm (Sgr-Wangat 12) to 218.50 cm (Bud-Khag 3), with a population mean of 185.91 cm. A similar trend of cob samples collected from the districts of Srinagar and Budgam was recorded for minimum and maximum ear height (99.50 cm). The mean ear height was 81.04 cm. Ear length, which is an important yield attributing trait, was minimum in the case of local cultivars (7.93 cm) and maximum in the controls (20.02 cm). A wide range of variability was recorded for yield (kg/ha). The highest yielder (C6) recorded a yield of 5828.50 kg/ha, whereas a local cultivar for district Pulwama (Pul-Turkwangan 29) recorded the lowest yield (1330.50). Average population yield was recorded as 2052.11 kg/ha. It should be possible to isolate superior genotypes during the selection process (Tables 1-3).
Table
1. Components of variance for
maturity, morphological and yield related traits in local maize cultivars.
|
Components
of variance |
Days
to 50% silking |
Days
to 50% anthesis |
Days
to husk browning |
Plant
height (cm) |
Ear
height (cm) |
Ear
length (cm) |
Yield
(kg/ha) |
|
σ2p |
26.30 |
26.18 |
27.94 |
189.74 |
127.71 |
3.12 |
271878.74 |
|
σ2g |
21.74 |
13.26 |
21.93 |
187.08 |
125.91 |
3.12 |
271855.22 |
|
PCV |
6.52 |
6.62 |
3.78 |
7.41 |
13.94 |
|
12.93 |
|
GCV |
5.92 |
4.72 |
3.35 |
7.35 |
13.84 |
10.09 |
12.93 |
|
h2 |
0.82 |
0.51 |
0.78 |
0.98 |
0.98 |
0.99 |
0.99 |
|
Genetic
Advance |
8.73 |
5.34 |
8.54 |
27.97 |
22.95 |
3.63 |
1074.03 |
|
Genetic
Advance as % of mean |
11.09 |
6.91 |
6.11 |
15.04 |
28.31 |
20.77 |
26.63 |
|
Mean
|
79.00 |
77.00 |
185.91 |
140.00 |
81.04 |
12.98 |
2032.11 |
|
Range
|
71.00
to 87.00 |
71
to 85 |
118.90
to 218.50 |
131
to 148 |
48.50
to 99.50 |
7.93
to 20.02 |
1330.50
to 5428.50 |
Table 2. Classification of
local maize cultivars into different clusters.
|
Cluster |
Cultivars included |
|
Cluster 1 |
35, 39, 3, 23, 22, 4, 5,
45, 51 C8, 18, 43, 34, 42, 24, 8, 15, 36, 44 |
|
Cluster 2 |
9, 41, 1, 10, 47, 14, 50,
16, 52, 27, 17, 26 |
|
Cluster 3 |
19, 32, 29, 31, 30, 48, 11, 12,
20, 7, 13, 38, 40, 21, 33 |
|
Cluster 4 |
2, 49, 46, 6, 37 |
|
Cluster 5 |
28 |
|
Cluster 6 |
53 |
|
Cluster 7 |
25 |
|
Cluster 8 |
54 Super-1 |
Bd-Khag
1, Bd-Khag 2, Bd-Khag 3, Bd-Yusmarg 4 , Bd-Neilnag 5,
Bd-Yusmarg 6, Bd-Dalwash 7, Bd-Dalwash 8, Bd-Kral Pathsia 9, Bd-Kral Pathsia
10, Sgr-Khag 11, Sgr-Wangat-12, Sgr-Satrain 13, Sgr-Babanagri 14, Sgr-Dara 15,
Sgr-Sonamarg 16, Sgr-Sonamarg 17, Sgr-Gund 18, Sgr-Gund 19, Sgr-Gutlibagh 20,
Pul-Shopian-21, Pul-Shopian-22, Pul-Balpora 23, Pul-Malangpora 24, Pul-Tral 25,
Pul-Tral 26, Pul-Tral 27, Pul-Turkwangam 28, Pul-Turkwangam 29, Pul-Malangpora
30, Bar-Uri 31, Bar-Gurez 32, Bar-Bandipora 33, Bar-Bandipora 34, Bar-Pattan
35, Bar-Wagoora 36, Bar-Wagoora 37, Bar-Tangmarg 38, Bar-Fareozpur 39, Bar-Uri
40, Ant-Qazigund 41, Ant-Dooru 42, Ant-Verinag 43, Ant-Verinag 44, Ant-Kulgam
45, Ant-Pumbai 46, Ant-Pahalgam 47, Ant-Pahalgam 48, Ant-Mattan-49,
Ant-Kokernag 50
Table
3. Cluster means for different
traits in local maize cultivars adapted to different temperate conditions of
Kashmir.
|
Cluster no. |
Number
of cultivars in cluster |
Yield
(kg/ha) |
Days
to husk browning |
Days
to 50% silking |
Days
to 50% anthesis |
Plant
height (cm) |
Ear
height (cm) |
Ear
length (cm) |
|
1 |
18 |
3983.72 |
181.44 |
86.81 |
83.61 |
152.64 |
83.14 |
18.10 |
|
2 |
12 |
4665.25 |
173.29 |
86.88 |
85.25 |
157.83 |
87.63 |
19.55 |
|
3 |
15 |
4581.60 |
173.50 |
86.33 |
83.57 |
151.73 |
85.00 |
15.63 |
|
4 |
5 |
3585.60 |
167.30 |
89.30 |
87.00 |
155.30 |
88.50 |
15.58 |
|
5 |
1 |
4923.50 |
167.00 |
91.50 |
82.00 |
157.50 |
124.00 |
17.84 |
|
6 |
1 |
5763.00 |
189.00 |
95.50 |
93.00 |
156.50 |
123.00 |
16.65 |
|
7 |
1 |
3104.50 |
194.50 |
82.50 |
81.50 |
162.00 |
99.00 |
19.53 |
|
8 |
1 |
5851.00 |
163.50 |
81.50 |
81.50 |
158.60 |
94.50 |
18.27 |
Please Note: Notes submitted to the Maize Genetics Cooperation
Newsletter may be cited only with consent of authors.